Skip to content
Vet RanchVet Ranch
  • Home
  • Pet Animals
    • Dog
      • Dog Crate
      • Dog House
      • Dog Nail
      • Dog Shampoo
      • Dog Bed
      • Dog Harness
      • Dog Door
      • Dog Muzzles
      • Dog Car Seat
      • Dog Feeder
      • Dog Harness
      • Dog Kennel
      • Dog Pen
    • Cat
      • Cat Carrier
      • Cat Clipper
      • Cat Couch
      • Cat exercise wheel
      • Cat Litter
      • Cat Litter Box
      • Cat scratching post
      • Cat stroller
      • Cat Tracker
      • Cat Tree
      • Cat Vacuum
    • Bird
      • Bird Camera Feeder
      • Bird Stand
      • Bird Bath
      • Bird Cage
      • Bird Crate
      • Bird Feeder
      • Bird Seed
    • Rabbit
      • Rabbit Cage
      • Rabbit Hutch
    • Fish
      • Fish Tank
      • Fish Aquarium
    • Pet Stroller
  • Knowledge
    • Best Product
    • Review
    • Blog
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Write for Us
Vet RanchVet Ranch
  • Home » 
  • Pet Litter Box » 
  • Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Arthur Crowley December 14, 2023

Felines are thought about one of the most effective animals to have. They are independent, intelligent, and also very easy to look after, yet when it involves their can, it can obtain a bit difficult. The litter box is a crucial part of your cat’s life, as well as locating the ideal one can make all the distinction. So exactly how do you pick the appropriate can for your feline close friend? In this blog, we will explore a few of the different kinds of litter boxes available and also assist you discover the perfect one for your feline.

Contents
  1. Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot – Complete Testimonial And Buying Guide
    1. Automatic Litter Box, Upgraded Robot Self Cleaning Litter Box for Multiple Cats, 65L+9L Extra Large, Features Negative ion Sterilization and Deodorization, APP Control, 3 Rolls Litter Bag Liners
      1. Features
    2. GUNJI Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box, 90L Large Capacity for Multiple Cats - APP Controlled with Safety Protection, Included Litter Mat & 1 Roll Garbage Bags (Gray)
      1. Features
    3. SHETAZ Self Cleaning Litter Box,Automatic Cat Litter Box for Multiple Cats,Robot with APP Control,Dual Safety Protection,Odor-Free Waste Disposal Includes Trash Bags,White
      1. Features
    4. Litter-Robot 4 Supply Bundle by Whisker, Black - Automatic, Self-Cleaning Cat Litter Box, Includes Litter-Robot 4, 3 OdorTrap Refills, 10 Liners, 30 Cleaner Wipes, & 2 Carbon Filters
      1. Features
    5. Purina Tidy Cats Cat Litter for Litter-Robot Clumping Cat Litter Odor Control Formula - 22 lb. Box
      1. Features
    6. ABRCT L1 Self-Cleaning Litter Box Automatic Electronic Hands-Free Smart Robot self Cleaning Litter Box - Safe Anti-Pinch,with Deodorizer and Liner and Litter Mat for Multiple Cats
      1. Features
    7. Self Cleaning Litter Box, Automatic Litter Box, Odor Control, 90L Large Capacity with APP Control and Safety Sensor, Ellenpent, for Multiple Cats, Large Cat, with 3 Rolls Trash Bags
      1. Features
  2. 1. Open Up Can:
  3. 2. Covered Litter Box:
  4. 3. Self-Cleaning Litter Box:
  5. 4. Top-Entry Litter Box:
  6. 5. Non Reusable Litter Box:
  7. Verdict:

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot – Complete Testimonial And Buying Guide

Check out our top products that you can purchase:

1
Automatic Litter Box, Upgraded Robot Self Cleaning Litter Box for Multiple Cats, 65L+9L Extra Large, Features Negative ion Sterilization and Deodorization, APP Control, 3 Rolls Litter Bag Liners
✓ Best choice
Automatic Litter Box, Upgraded Robot Self Cleaning Litter Box for Multiple Cats, 65L+9L Extra...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
9.9
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
2
GUNJI Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box, 90L Large Capacity for Multiple Cats - APP Controlled with Safety Protection, Included Litter Mat & 1 Roll Garbage Bags (Gray)
Recommended
GUNJI Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box, 90L Large Capacity for Multiple Cats - APP Controlled...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
9.4
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
3
SHETAZ Self Cleaning Litter Box,Automatic Cat Litter Box for Multiple Cats,Robot with APP Control,Dual Safety Protection,Odor-Free Waste Disposal Includes Trash Bags,White
High quality
SHETAZ Self Cleaning Litter Box,Automatic Cat Litter Box for Multiple Cats,Robot with APP...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
9.2
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
4
Litter-Robot 4 Supply Bundle by Whisker, Black - Automatic, Self-Cleaning Cat Litter Box, Includes Litter-Robot 4, 3 OdorTrap Refills, 10 Liners, 30 Cleaner Wipes, & 2 Carbon Filters
Litter-Robot 4 Supply Bundle by Whisker, Black - Automatic, Self-Cleaning Cat Litter Box,...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
8.7
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
5
Purina Tidy Cats Cat Litter for Litter-Robot Clumping Cat Litter Odor Control Formula - 22 lb. Box
Purina Tidy Cats Cat Litter for Litter-Robot Clumping Cat Litter Odor Control Formula - 22 lb. Box
BUY NOW Amazon.com
8.3
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
6
ABRCT L1 Self-Cleaning Litter Box Automatic Electronic Hands-Free Smart Robot self Cleaning Litter Box - Safe Anti-Pinch,with Deodorizer and Liner and Litter Mat for Multiple Cats
ABRCT L1 Self-Cleaning Litter Box Automatic Electronic Hands-Free Smart Robot self Cleaning...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
8.3
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
7
Self Cleaning Litter Box, Automatic Litter Box, Odor Control, 90L Large Capacity with APP Control and Safety Sensor, Ellenpent, for Multiple Cats, Large Cat, with 3 Rolls Trash Bags
Self Cleaning Litter Box, Automatic Litter Box, Odor Control, 90L Large Capacity with APP Control...
BUY NOW Amazon.com
8
BUY NOW
Amazon.com

*Note: The score is based on our AI score (Editor’s choice and rating).
Automatic Litter Box, Upgraded Robot Self Cleaning Litter Box for Multiple Cats, 65L+9L Extra Large, Features Negative ion Sterilization and Deodorization, APP Control, 3 Rolls Litter Bag Liners

Automatic Litter Box, Upgraded Robot Self Cleaning Litter Box for Multiple Cats, 65L+9L Extra Large, Features Negative ion Sterilization and Deodorization, APP Control, 3 Rolls Litter Bag Liners

$305.99
$199.99
 in stock
2 new from $199.99
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • 【NEWLY UPGRADED 100% CAT SAFE SOLUTION】 The new self-cleaning litter box combines a litter box and fecal bin in one, with an all-in-one waste disposal system that replaces the traditional drawer method of collection and won't leave your cat trapped in the litter box.
  • 【Upgraded X-Large Space】 With 65L of toilet space and 9L of fecal collection space, yet only 4.4 cubic inches in size, this automatic litter box offers a spacious interior for cats weighing between 3lbs and 18lbs. The generous faecal collection space can support a 12lb cat for up to two weeks, so you can travel without worry.
  • 【ADVANCED SENSOR SYSTEM】The bottom of the DuckSky self-cleaning litter box is equipped with infrared sensors, weight sensors, smart detectors, etc., which record your cat's frequency of toilet visits, time, and weight changes and feed them back to your app.
  • 【Odour Remova】 The faecal collection box is a separate module to isolate the odour from the outside world, in addition to this, the device will use negative ion (physics) to eliminate the odour, always keep the indoor air fresh. All components inside the machine can be easily disassembled for cleaning.
  • 【Manual Control and App Control】Manual control can be adjusted - Auto Clean / Timer Clean / Manual Clean, in addition, the app control has more rich functions for you to experience (please note: the app is only compatible with 2.4GHz Wi-Fi).
GUNJI Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box, 90L Large Capacity for Multiple Cats - APP Controlled with Safety Protection, Included Litter Mat & 1 Roll Garbage Bags (Gray)

GUNJI Automatic Self-Cleaning Litter Box, 90L Large Capacity for Multiple Cats - APP Controlled with Safety Protection, Included Litter Mat & 1 Roll Garbage Bags (Gray)

$259.99
$175.99
 in stock
2 new from $175.99
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • Multi-Layer Safety Sensors: Features dual infrared sensors (body temperature detection), motion-sensing radars (real-time movement tracking), Hall sensors (mechanical interaction monitoring), and gravity sensors (weight distribution sensing) for all-around protection.The integrated detection network immediately pauses cleaning when your cat approaches or enters, staying inactive until they leave—eliminating any potential operational risks. Your cat’s safety is prioritized at every step.
  • WiFi Smart Connection: Easily synchronize with your mobile phone via 2.4G WiFi. You can remotely control and schedule cleaning tasks anytime and anywhere through the dedicated application. This device can monitor indicators such as the frequency of cat litter box use, usage duration, and weight changes, and can update data in real time to detect health changes early. It is not just a cat litter box; it is also an active health monitor, aiming to keep your cat healthy and energetic.
  • Large capacity and convenient maintenance: Can accommodate cats weighing between 2.2 and 24.2 pounds, suitable for single or multiple cats. The 10-liter waste storage box can support up to 10 days of use, making it ideal for travel or busy daily schedules. It can be quickly disassembled for easy cleaning, simply empty the cat litter and spray it clean with a water gun (keep the base dry).
  • Airtight Odor Lock&Ultra-Quiet Operation: Equipped with a sealed cover to trap unpleasant smells, paired with scented gel for a fresh aroma—enhanced by a 72-hour continuous purification cycle that keeps your space clean with little maintenance.Whisper-quiet design ensures the litter box won’t disturb daily routines, work from home, or family gatherings, keeping peace for both you and your cat.
  • All-inclusive starter kit: Every purchase will come with a waste collection bin, protective pad, power adapter, refreshing fragrance gel, a roll of garbage bags, and a detailed user manual, allowing you to get started easily right away. The toilet compartment is compatible with any garbage bags with a diameter of 17.7 inches or more. No special supplies are required.
SHETAZ Self Cleaning Litter Box,Automatic Cat Litter Box for Multiple Cats,Robot with APP Control,Dual Safety Protection,Odor-Free Waste Disposal Includes Trash Bags,White

SHETAZ Self Cleaning Litter Box,Automatic Cat Litter Box for Multiple Cats,Robot with APP Control,Dual Safety Protection,Odor-Free Waste Disposal Includes Trash Bags,White

$499.99
$389.99
 in stock
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • Effortless Self-Cleaning & Ample Access:Revolutionize your pet care routine with this self cleaning litter box. It offers hands-free waste management, automatically separating clumps and storing them in an airtight compartment to lock away odors. The sleek, modern white design blends seamlessly with any home decor, while the 12-inch wide open-top entry welcomes cats up to 30 lbs, ensuring a stress-free experience for your feline friend and easy maintenance for you.
  • Multi-Layered Intelligent Safety: Safety is a top priority with this advanced self cleaning litter box. Integrated with infrared sensors, precise weight detection, and instant stop technology, it automatically pauses cleaning cycles when your cat approaches. The customizable “Kitten Mode” provides gentle operation, making it suitable for cats of all sizes from 2.5 to 30 pounds, and offering peace of mind for multi-cat households.
  • Smart Connectivity & Customizable Cleaning: Take control of your self cleaning litter box with ease! Connect it via 2.4GHz Wi-Fi to the dedicated app and enjoy real-time monitoring of litter levels, usage insights, and maintenance alerts. Set up automatic cleaning schedules or manually start cleanings as needed, adapting effortlessly to your and your cat’s lifestyle. Activate “Kitten Mode” during manual operation for a gentle clean.
  • Odor-Free & Long-Lasting Convenience: Say goodbye to unpleasant smells and messy floors. This self cleaning litter box features an odor-sealed waste compartment with bags to keep odors in check and litter contained. Boasting a large 12-liter waste capacity, it only needs emptying every two weeks, making it an ideal choice for busy families or frequent travelers seeking hassle-free cleanliness.
  • Hygienic & Cat-Centric Design: Engineered for optimal hygiene, this self cleaning litter box comes with an anti-stick silicone grid and mesh system that efficiently separates waste, handling even soft stools with ease. The roomy entrance promotes natural behavior and cat comfort, especially for larger cats. Its intelligent self-cleaning function ensures a fresh and clean environment after every use, keeping your pet happy and healthy.
Litter-Robot 4 Supply Bundle by Whisker, Black - Automatic, Self-Cleaning Cat Litter Box, Includes Litter-Robot 4, 3 OdorTrap Refills, 10 Liners, 30 Cleaner Wipes, & 2 Carbon Filters

Litter-Robot 4 Supply Bundle by Whisker, Black - Automatic, Self-Cleaning Cat Litter Box, Includes Litter-Robot 4, 3 OdorTrap Refills, 10 Liners, 30 Cleaner Wipes, & 2 Carbon Filters

$749.00  in stock
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • LITTER-ROBOT CORE BUNDLE: Save on the Litter-Robot 4 Core Bundle, which comes complete with Litter-Robot 4 automatic litter box, 3 OdorTrap refills, 10 waste drawer liners, 30 cleaner wipes, & 2 carbon filters.
  • SELF-CLEANING LITTER BOX: Never scoop again with Litter-Robot 4, the automatic, self-cleaning cat litter box. The patented sifting process automatically separates your cat's waste from the clean litter. Just empty the waste drawer when full.
  • MONITOR + CONTROL VIA APP: Control the smart litter box straight from the Whisker app. Monitor waste and litter levels in real time, see litter box activity, and track kitty’s weight after each use. Compatible with any clumping litter.
  • REDUCES LITTER BOX ODORS & TRACKING: The automatic clean cycle and OdorTrap Packs significantly reduce odors compared to standard litter boxes.
  • SAFETY & USE: Suitable for up to 4 cats; each cat must weigh at least 3 lbs (1.4 kg) to safely use Litter-Robot in Automatic Mode. Weight scale technology is most accurate when the unit sits on a firm surface, not carpeting or uneven surfaces.
Purina Tidy Cats Cat Litter for Litter-Robot Clumping Cat Litter Odor Control Formula - 22 lb. Box

Purina Tidy Cats Cat Litter for Litter-Robot Clumping Cat Litter Odor Control Formula - 22 lb. Box

$19.98  in stock
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • Purina Tidy Cats Designed for Litter-Robot self cleaning litter box for cats is specially formulated for The Perfect Cycle setting in the Whisker app
  • Powerful odor control for Litter-Robot 4 and previous generations, with odor-absorb technology that minimizes odors in the waste drawer
  • Hard & fast clumping litter maintains strong clumps throughout The Perfect Cycle for peak Litter-Robot cycling performance
  • Motion-activated revitalizing scent scented cat litter gives your litter a fresh, clean scent boost with every cycle
  • Tidy Cats multicat litter is the brand most often recommended and personally used by veterinarians. (2024 Veterinarian Survey, Forward Group)
ABRCT L1 Self-Cleaning Litter Box Automatic Electronic Hands-Free Smart Robot self Cleaning Litter Box - Safe Anti-Pinch,with Deodorizer and Liner and Litter Mat for Multiple Cats

ABRCT L1 Self-Cleaning Litter Box Automatic Electronic Hands-Free Smart Robot self Cleaning Litter Box - Safe Anti-Pinch,with Deodorizer and Liner and Litter Mat for Multiple Cats

$499.99
$349.99
 in stock
3 new from $349.99
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • AUTOMATIC CLEANING: Self-cleaning litter box with hands-free operation that automatically scoops and separates waste after each use.
  • SMART FEATURES: Electronic robot system with anti-pinch safety mechanism for worry-free operation.
  • ODOR CONTROL: Includes built-in deodorizer system to keep your home fresh and minimize unwanted litter box smells.
  • COMPLETE KIT: Comes with everything needed including a special litter mat and convenient waste liner for easy maintenance.
  • MULTI-CAT DESIGN: Spacious interior and durable construction make it perfect for households with multiple cats.
Self Cleaning Litter Box, Automatic Litter Box, Odor Control, 90L Large Capacity with APP Control and Safety Sensor, Ellenpent, for Multiple Cats, Large Cat, with 3 Rolls Trash Bags

Self Cleaning Litter Box, Automatic Litter Box, Odor Control, 90L Large Capacity with APP Control and Safety Sensor, Ellenpent, for Multiple Cats, Large Cat, with 3 Rolls Trash Bags

$359.99
$299.99
 in stock
BUY NOW
Amazon.com
as of November 3, 2025 1:36 am

Features

  • Self-Cleaning & No Scooping: Say goodbye to daily scooping! Our self-cleaning litter box activates within 2 minutes after your cat exits, separates waste, and deposits it into a trash bin. Enjoy a fresh home and zero scooping, even with 10 day of extended use, since the ample 9L trash bin
  • Advanced No Smell System: Our self-cleaning litter box adopts double defense to keep your home consistently fresh. First, the integrated ABS material prevents urine leaks and traps odors at the source. An odor-proof cover physically traps smells, while scented gel ensures a consistently fresh environment, which keeps the smells sealed in—0 escapes. Enjoy real odor-free living
  • Multi-Layer Safety Protection: Designed for your peace of mind, our self-cleaning litter box features infrared and weight sensors. If your cat approaches or enters during a clean, it instantly pauses, preventing accidents and providing a secure environment until they leave
  • Smart APP Control: This self-cleaning litter box is equipped with 2.4GHz Wi-Fi; the intelligent system syncs with a dedicated app to monitor real-time health metrics, track bathroom habits, and map activity patterns—keeping pet care insights at your fingertips
  • Easy to Set Up & Easy Refill Litter: Pre-assembled design – Unbox, plug in, and pour litter (no tools required). An innovative cleaning system with simplified architecture enables thorough sanitation by simply lifting the drum. The unified structure streamlines daily upkeep while ensuring optimal hygiene. More Purrs, Less Chores! Because Cuddle Time > Scoop Time

1. Open Up Can:

An open can is one of the most common type of can, as well as it is most likely what you picture when you consider a litter box. These boxes are easy and also simple to tidy, but they do not provide much personal privacy for your feline. Some pet cats favor having a clear view while utilizing the litter box. If your pet cat is reluctant or conveniently shocked, an open can may not be the most effective choice.

2. Covered Litter Box:

A protected can supplies even more personal privacy for your feline, and also it can help control odor. These boxes feature a hood that covers part of the litter box, supplying a little entry for your feline to enter and exit. However, it is necessary to note that not all felines like covered litter boxes. Some felines discover them too confined and also stuffy, and like to have an open spot.

3. Self-Cleaning Litter Box:

If you’re a busy person, a self-cleaning litter box is a excellent choice. These litter boxes come with a mechanism that automatically scoops the trash and deposits it right into a disposal container. They are definitely costly, yet they conserve a lot of time and effort, making them worth their price. Nonetheless, some felines might be discouraged by the sound as well as activity of the automatic rake, so it’s vital to train your cat to be comfy with this kind of box.

4. Top-Entry Litter Box:

Top-Entry Can are not so usual, but it’s a terrific alternative for felines that like to spread clutter everywhere. These boxes have a huge opening on the top, as well as your cat has to climb up in from the top. These boxes assist consist of the clutter, but they may not be perfect for older cats that may discover it hard to climb up over.

5. Non Reusable Litter Box:

Disposable can are perfect for feline owners who take a trip a whole lot with their felines. These boxes are made from recycled materials and also are unbelievably environmentally friendly. They are likewise easy to establish and deal with, making them rather practical. Nonetheless, these boxes are not ideal for long-lasting use or for pet cats that tend to scratch and dig in their litter box boldy.

Verdict:

Discovering the right litter box for your feline pal takes some research study and assessment. There are various types with various functions and sizes to select from in the marketplace. It’s essential to consider your cat’s preferences and practices when selecting a can. Obtaining the ideal can means delighted cats and happy cat proprietors. So, whether you choose an open can, a self-cleaning can, or a non reusable one, there’s something for every single pet cat as well as pet cat proprietor available.

Share
facebookShare on FacebooktwitterShare on TwitterpinterestShare on Pinterest
linkedinShare on LinkedinvkShare on VkredditShare on ReddittumblrShare on TumblrviadeoShare on ViadeobufferShare on BufferpocketShare on PocketwhatsappShare on WhatsappviberShare on ViberemailShare on EmailskypeShare on SkypediggShare on DiggmyspaceShare on MyspacebloggerShare on Blogger YahooMailShare on Yahoo mailtelegramShare on TelegramMessengerShare on Facebook Messenger gmailShare on GmailamazonShare on AmazonSMSShare on SMS
Post navigation
Previous post

Auto Kitty Litter Box

Next post

Ecoflex Cat Litter Box

Arthur Crowley

Arthur Crowley

To provide you with the expert assistance you need, Vet Ranch with licensed veterinarians can answer your health-related pet issues.

For the purpose of sharing knowledge with each other, we have jointly created this website, where you can get useful information from us and also where we expand our knowledge through your comments from you.

Related Posts

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Litter Robot Weight Sensor

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Best Cat Litter Sand

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Fresh Step Odor Shield

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Dr Elsey’s Ultra

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Best Scoopable Cat Litter

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Odorless Litter Box

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Litter Maid Refill

Best Litter To Use With Litter Robot

Electric Cat Box

Affiliate disclaimer

Vet Ranch (vetranch.org) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.

Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates.

Affiliate Disclaimer

Vet Ranch (vetranch.org) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates.

Category

Best Product

Review

Blog

Page

  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Affiliate Disclaimer
  • Privacy Policy

Follow us on social

VET RANCH LOGO
FacebookFacebookTwitterInstagramYoutubeYoutube
Copyright © 2025 Vet Ranch
Your privacy

By selecting "Accept all cookies," you consent to Vetranch storing cookies on your device and disclosing information in accordance with our Privacy policy

Menu
  • Home
  • Pet Animals
    • Dog
      • Dog Crate
      • Dog House
      • Dog Nail
      • Dog Shampoo
      • Dog Bed
      • Dog Harness
      • Dog Door
      • Dog Muzzles
      • Dog Car Seat
      • Dog Feeder
      • Dog Harness
      • Dog Kennel
      • Dog Pen
    • Cat
      • Cat Carrier
      • Cat Clipper
      • Cat Couch
      • Cat exercise wheel
      • Cat Litter
      • Cat Litter Box
      • Cat scratching post
      • Cat stroller
      • Cat Tracker
      • Cat Tree
      • Cat Vacuum
    • Bird
      • Bird Camera Feeder
      • Bird Stand
      • Bird Bath
      • Bird Cage
      • Bird Crate
      • Bird Feeder
      • Bird Seed
    • Rabbit
      • Rabbit Cage
      • Rabbit Hutch
    • Fish
      • Fish Tank
      • Fish Aquarium
    • Pet Stroller
  • Knowledge
    • Best Product
    • Review
    • Blog
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Write for Us
FacebookTwitterPinterest